AEMCA Practice Exam

Which of the following are abnormal substances commonly found in urine?

1. Water, urea, electrolytes

2. Albumin, glucose, blood cells

3. Protein, creatinine, uric acid

4. Sodium, potassium, chlorides

The correct answer is: Albumin, glucose, blood cells

The presence of albumin, glucose, and blood cells in urine signifies potential abnormalities and is indicative of underlying health issues. Typically, the urine consists mainly of water, urea, and electrolytes, which are normal substances; thus the first choice does not reflect abnormal findings. When albumin appears in the urine, it suggests a condition known as proteinuria, which may indicate kidney damage or disease. Similarly, the detection of glucose urine could point towards diabetes mellitus, where glucose is not adequately reabsorbed by the kidneys. Blood cells in urine can be a sign of infections, kidney stones, or other serious medical conditions, indicating that the body is responding to inflammation or injury. The third choice references protein, creatinine, and uric acid, where while protein can be abnormal, creatinine and uric acid are normal metabolic waste products typically present in urine. Lastly, the fourth choice consists solely of sodium, potassium, and chlorides, which are all normal electrolytes found in urine and demonstrate regular kidney function and dietary contributions. Thus, the correct answer highlights substances that are not typically found in a healthy urine sample and reflect potential complications or diseases that warrant further investigation.